Sociology of scientfic knowledge

Martin Kusch

This bibliography includes inter alia: (a) central, or otherwise noteworthy, SSK-literature; (b) a number of historical studies that lean towards SSK; (c) some key resources in the sociology of technology (but only in those areas that are influenced by SSK); (d) important theoretical resources used by writers within SSK. Needless to say, this bibliography is not complete.

• Main journals (I list journals that publish papers in and on SSK; only the first two are, more or less, exclusively devoted to SSK): Social Studies of Science; Science, Technology, and Human Values; Social Epistemology; Perspectives on Science; Science in Context; Studies in History and Philosophy of Science; Isis; Osiris; British Journal for the History of Science; History of Science; Social Text. Various sociology journals, and philosophy-of-science journals have also carried papers on SSK.
• Handbook: Jasanoff et al. (1995) attempts to cover all Social Studies of Science and technology.
• Papers reviewing the whole field: The two outstanding pieces are Shapin (1982), and Shapin (1995; 'Here ...')
• Introductions: Barnes (1985); Collins & Pinch (1993); Chalmers (1990); Latour (1987); Woolgar (1988); Yearley (1984).
• Greatest hits (in the category 'monographs and anthologies'): Barnes (1982); Barnes, Bloor & Henry (1996); Bloor (1983), (1991); Collins (1985); Harwood (1983); Knorr-Cetina (1981); Latour and Woolgar (1986); Latour (1987); Lynch (1985, 'Art'); MacKenzie (1981); Nigel & Mulkay (1984); Pickering (1984); Pickering (ed.) (1992); Pinch (1986); Shapin and Schaffer (1985); Shapin (1994); Traweek (1988); Woolgar (ed. 1988).
• The most influential (or otherwise important) theoretical statements within SSK (I take 'SSK' in a wide sense, here; thus it includes writers like Latour; moreover, I also list here some texts that were written by SSK-advocates on social theory in general, not just on SSK in particular): Ashmore (1985); Barnes (1982), (1983), (1988), (1995); Barnes, Bloor & Henry (1996); Bloor (1982), (1983), (1991), (1997); Collins (1985); Garfinkel, Lynch & Livingston (1981); Latour & Woolgar (1986); Latour (1987), (1993); Law (ed. 1986); Lynch (1993); Pickering (1995); Shapin (1979; 'Homo ...'); Shapin and Schaffer (1985); Shapin (1992), (1994), 1995); Woolgar (ed. 1988).
• The major historians in SSK: Harwood (1993); MacKenzie (1981), (1990); Pickering (1984); Schaffer; Shapin; Warwick (1992/3).
• Main laboratory studies: Collins (1974), (1985); Knorr-Cetina (1981); Latour & Woolgar (1986); Lynch (1985, 'Art'); Treweek (1988).
• Members of the 'Edinburgh School': Bloor, Barnes, Edge, Kusch, MacKenzie, Shapin. Schaffer's work is close; Pickering has rejected some of the key ingredients of the Edinburgh programme.
• Members of the 'Bath School': Collins, Pinch. Shapin, Schaffer and Pickering all have combined 'Bathian' and 'Edinburghian' themes. The main disagreement between Edinburgh and Bath continues to be the question of 'methodological idealism': see e.g. Collins (1985); Bloor (1996).
• Proponents and critics of Actor-Network theory: Proponents are first and foremost: Latour, Callon, Law. Pickering (1995) is sympathetic; MacKenzie (1990) is close. For criticism, see e.g. the debate between Collins, Yearley, Latour, and Callon in Pickering (ed. 1992); Brown (1991); Collins & Kusch (1995), (1998); Haraway (1994); Niiniluoto (1991); Schaffer (1991); Shapin (1988).
• Ethnomethodology: Barnes (1983), (1995); Coulter (1979); Garfinkel (1967); Garfinkel, Lynch & Livingston (1981); Livingston (1986); Lynch (1985, 'Art'), (1993).
• Discourse analysis: Nigel & Mulkay (1984); Mulkay. The 'reflexive turn': Ashmore (1989); Lynch (1993); Nigel & Mulkay (1984); Shapin (1995, 'Here'); Woolgar (1988), (ed. 1988).
• The main theoretical resources for SSK-writers (I include here authors that SSK-writers have opposed and criticised; of course different writers within SSK have picked different figures of this list): Ben-David; Crane; Douglas; Durkheim; Feyerabend; Fleck; Foucault; Garfinkel; Hagstrom; Hesse; Kuhn; Lakatos; Mannheim; Merton; Polanyi; Popper; Ravetz; Schütz; Searle; Serres; Wittgenstein.
• Social/political interests as causes: Barnes (1977); Barnes (1982); Barnes & Shapin (ed. 1979); Barnes, Bloor & Henry (1996); Bloor (1982), (1983), (1991); Forman (1971); Kusch (1995, 'Psychologism') (1999); MacKenzie (1981); Pickering (1984); Shapin (1979), (1982); Shapin & Schaffer (1985).
• Experiments (work cited here includes some texts that criticise work in SSK, as well as work that must be reckoned with if then one wants to properly assess the work in SSK): Barnes, Bloor & Henry (1996); Collins (1975), (1985), (1988), (1994); Collins & Pinch (1993); Danziger (1990); Farley & Geison (1974); Franklin (1994); Galison (1989); Giere (1988); Gooding (1990); Gooding, Pinch & Schaffer (1989); Hacking (1983); Hull (1988); Jardine (1991); Kusch (1995, 'Recluse'), (1999); Latour (1987); Latour & Woolgar (1986); Lynch (1985, 'Art'); MacKenzie (1988), (1990); Pickering (1984), (1995); Rouse (1987), (1995); Schaffer e.g. (1996); Shapin (1988); Shapin (1994); Shapin & Schaffer (1985).
• Standardisation, metrology: Fleck (1979); Hogle (1985); Latour (1987), (1988, 'Einstein'), (1993); Law (ed. 1986); MacKenzie (1990); O'Connell (1993); Rouse (1987); Schaffer (1992), (1994, 'Empires'), (1994, 'From'), (1995), (1997); Shapin & Schaffer (1985).
• Neutrality and symmetry (see also under 'relativism'): Bloor (1991); Collins (1991); Collins (1996) and the other papers in the same issue of Social Studies of Science; Latour (1987); Lynch (1993); Martin (1993); Martin, Richards & Scott (1991); Scott, Richards & Martin (1991).
• Questions of trust: Blaise (1987); Hardwig (1985), (1991); Shapin (1994), (1995); Woods (1989).
• Discovery (this includes references to the debate over whether 'discovery by computer' refutes the idea that all knowledge has scientific variables): Bloor (1991), (1997); Brannigan (1981), (1989); Collins (1989); Fuller (1993); Giere (1988), (1989); Langley et al. (1993); Nola (1992); Slezak (1989); Thagard (1993).
• Work on skill and tacit knowledge: Collins (1974), (1985); Collins & Kusch (1995), (1998); Collins & Pinch (1993); Kuhn (1962); MacKenzie (1990), (1996); MacKenzie & Spinardi (1995); Pinch (1986); Polanyi (1958); Ravetz (1971); Rouse (1987) (1995); Shapin & Schaffer (1985); Turner (1994).
• Drill and discipline / Foucauldian themes: Collins & Kusch (1998); Foucault (1976), (1979); Kusch (1991), (1995, 'Recluse'); Latour (1987); Law (ed. 1986); Law (ed. 1991); Lynch (1985, 'Discipline'); Pfaffenberger (1992); Schaffer (1988).
• The main critics from outside SSK (I do not distinguish here between attacks on different writers within SSK): Ben-David (1991); Brown (ed. 1984), (1989), (1991), (1995); Chalmers (1990); Cole (1992); Franklin (1994); Galison (1989); Giere (1988); Gross & Levitt (1994); Gross, Levitt & Lewis (ed. 1996); Haraway (1994); Harding (1991); Hull (1988); Jardine (1991); Kitcher (1993); Laudan in Brown (1984); Laudan (1987), (1990); Lee & Brown (1994); MacIntyre (1980); Newton-Smith (1981); Niiniluoto (1991); Nola (1990), (1992), (1994); Slezak (1989), (1992), (1994); Weinberg (1992); Winner (1993); Wolpert (1992).
• Starting points for relativism and irrealism: Ashmore (1989); Barnes (1977); Barnes & Bloor (1982); Bloor (1996); Brown (ed. 1984), (1989); Collins (1985); Davidson (1984); Fuller (1988); Biagioli and Schaffer in Galison and Stump (e.g. 1996); Haraway (1991); Hollis & Lukes (eds. 1982); Kitcher (1993); Kusch (1991); Latour (1987), (1989), (1993); Laudan (1990); Lynch (1993); Meiland (1977); Newton-Smith (1981); Niiniluoto (1991); Nola (1992), (1994); Pickering (1995); Shapin (1992); Siegel (1987); Slezak (1989); Winch (1958); Wilson (1970); Wittgenstein (1953); Woolgar (1988), (ed. 1988).
• Technology studies close to SSK (e.g. SCOT, i.e. 'social construction of technology', and 'actor-network' theory; I also include work on instruments): Bijker, Pinch & Hughes (ed. 1987); Bijker & Law (ed. 1992); Collins (1990); Colins & Kusch (1995), (1998); Haraway (1991); Jasanoff (ed. 1995); Jardine (1991); Johnson (1988); Latour (1987), (1988), (1992), (1993); Law (ed. 1986); MacKenzie (1990), (1996); MacKenzie & Spinardi (1995); MacKenzie & Wajcman (eds. 1985); Pfaffenberger (1992); Pickering (1995); Rouse (1987); Schaffer (1994); Shapin & Schaffer (1985); Traweek (1988).
• Important historical studies whose authors adopt at least some central ideas or concepts from SSK even though they also distance themselves from SSK: Biagioli (1993); Danziger (1990); Daston & Porter in Megill (1994); Forman (1971); Galison (1989); Gooding (1990); Hull (1988); Rudwick (1985).
• Social epistemology, sociophilosophy, and other philosophical projects sympathetic to, or informed by, SSK: Ackermann (1985); Fuller (1988), (1989), (1993); Giere (1988); Hacking (1983), (1995); Haraway (1991); Hesse (1988); Jardine (1991); Kusch (1991), (1995, 'Psychologism'), (1997), (1999), (2000); Longino (1990); Rouse (1987), (1995); Stich (1996); Thagard (1993).
• Sociology of philosophical knowledge: Bloor (1991); Kusch (1995, 'Psychologism'); Kusch (ed. 1998); Shapin & Schaffer (1985).

Literature

• Ackermann, R. (1985), Data,Theory, and Instruments, Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Ashmore, M. (1989), The Reflexive Thesis: Wrighting Sociology of Knowledge, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
• Barnes, B. (1974), Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Theory, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Barnes, B. (1976), 'Natural Rationality: A Neglected Concept in the Social Sciences', Philosophy of the Social Sciences 6: 115-26.
• Barnes, B. (1977), Interests and the Growth of Knowledge, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Barnes, B. (1982), T.S. Kuhn and Social Science, London: Macmillan.
• Barnes, B. (1983), 'Social Life as Bootstrapped Induction', Sociology 17: 524-45.
• Barnes, B. (1985), About Science, Oxford: Blackwell.
• Barnes, B. (1987), 'Concept Application as Social Activity', Critica 19: 19-44.
• Barnes, B. (1988), The Nature of Power, Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Barnes, B. (1995), The Elements of Social Theory, London: UCL Press.
• Barnes, B. and D. Bloor (1982), 'Relativism, Rationalism and the Sociology of Knowledge', in M. Hollis and S. Lukes (eds.), Rationality and Relativism, Oxford: Blackwell, 21-47.
• Barnes, B. and S. Shapin (eds.) (1979), Natural Order: Historical Studies of Scientific Culture, London: Sage.
• Barnes, B. and D. Edge (eds.) (1982), Science in Context: Readings in the Sociology of Science, Milton Keynes: Open UP.
• Barnes, B., D. Bloor, J. Henry (1996), Scientific Knowledge: A Sociological Analysis, London: Athlone.
• Bazerman, C. (1988), Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science, Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press.
• Ben-David, J. (1971), The Scientist's Role in Society: A Comparative Study, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
• Ben-David, J. (1991), Scientific Growth: Essays on the Social Organization and Ethos of Science, ed. by G. Freudenthal, Berkeley: University of California Press, 49-70.
• Biagioli, M. (1993), Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism, Chicago: Chicago UP.
• Bijker, W.J., T. Pinch, and T.P. Hughes (eds.) (1987), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• Bijker, W. and J. Law (eds.) (1992), Shaping Technology/Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• Blaise, J.M. (1987), 'Epistemic Tit for Tat', Journal of Philosophy 84: 363-75.
• Bloor, D. (1978), 'Polyhedra and the Abominations of Leviticus', British Journal for the History of Science 11: 245-72.
• Bloor, D. (1981), 'Hamilton and Peacock on the Essence of Algebra', in H. Mehrtens, H. Bos and I. Schneider (eds.), Social History of Nineteenth Century Mathematics, Boston: Birkhäuser, 202-32.
• Bloor, D. (1982), 'Durkheim and Mauss Revisited: Classification and the Sociology of Knowledge', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 13: 267-97.
• Bloor, D. (1983), Wittgenstein: A Social Theory of Knowledge, New York: Columbia UP.
• Bloor, D. (1987), 'The Living Foundations of Mathematics' (review of Livingston (1986)), Social Studies of Science 17: 337-58.
• Bloor, D. (1991 [1976]), Knowledge and Social Imagery, 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Bloor, D. (1996), 'Idealism and the Sociology of Knowledge', Social Studies of Science 26: 839-56.
• Bloor, D. (1997), Wittgenstein on Rules and Institutions, London: Routledge.
• Bowker, G. (1993), 'How to be Universal: Some Cybernetic Strategies, 1943-70', Social Studies of Science 23: 107-27.
• Brannigan, A. (1981), The Social Basis of Scientific Discoveries, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Brannigan, A. (1989), 'Artificial Intelligence and the Attributional Model of Scientific Discovery', Social Studies of Science 19: 601-13.
• Brown, J.R. (1989), The Rational and the Social, Routledge, London.
• Brown, J.R. (1991), 'Latour's Prosaic Science', Canadian Journal of Philosophy 21: 245-61.
• Brown, J.R. (1995), 'Undetermination and the Social Side of Science', Dialogue – Canadian Philosophical Review 34: 147-61.
• Brown, J.R. (ed.) (1984), Scientific Rationality: The Sociological Turn, Dordrecht: Reidel.
• Chalmers, A. F. (1990), Science and Its Fabrication, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
• Cole, S. (1992), Making Science: Between Nature and Society, Harvard: Harvard UP.
• Collins, H.M. (1974), 'The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks', Science Studies 4: 165-86.
• Collins, H.M. (1975), 'The Seven Sexes: A Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the Replication of Experiments in Physics', Sociology 9: 205-24.
• Collins, H.M. (1985), Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice, London: Sage.
• Collins, H.M. (1988), 'Public Experiments and Displays of Virtuosity: The Core-Set Revisited', Social Studies of Science 18: 725-48.
• Collins, H.M. (1989), 'Computers and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge', Social Studies of Science 19: 613-24.
• Collins, H.M. (1990), Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• Collins, H.M. (1991), 'Captives and Victims: Response to Scott, Richards and Martin', Science, Technology and Human Values 16: 249-51.
• Collins, H.M. (1992 [1985]), Changing Order: Replication and Induction in Scientific Practice, 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Collins, H.M. (1994), 'A Strong Test of the Experimenters' Regress', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 25: 493-503.
• Collins, H.M. (1994), 'Dissecting Surgery – Forms of Life Depersonalized', Social Studies of Science 24: 311-33.
• Collins, H.M. (1996), 'In Praise of Futile Gestures – How Scientific is the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge', Social Studies of Science 26: 229-44.
• Collins, H.M. and M. Kusch (1995), 'Automating Air Pumps – An Empirical and Conceptual Analysis', Technology and Culture 36: 802-29.
• Collins, H.M. and M. Kusch (1998), The Shape of Actions: What Humans and Machines Can Do, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• Collins, H.M. and T.J. Pinch (1982), Frames of Meaning: The Social Construction of Extraordinary Science, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Collins, H.M. and T.J. Pinch (1993), The Golem: What Everyone Should Know About Science, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Coulter, J. (1979), The Social Construction of Mind: Studies in Ethnomethodology and Linguistic Philosophy, Totowa. NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
• Crane, D. (1972), Invisible Colleges: Diffusion of Knowledge in Scientific Communities, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Danziger, K. (1990), Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Davidson, D. (1984 [1974]), 'On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme', in D. Davidson, Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, Oxford: Clarendon, 183-98.
• Douglas, M. (1966), Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Douglas, M. (1970), Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology, London: Barrie & Rockliff, Cresset Press.
• Douglas, M. (1975), Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Douglas, M. (1986), How Institutions Think, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Douglas, M. (ed.) (1982), Essays in the Sociology of Perception, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul and Russell Sage Foundation.
• Douglas, M. and A.B. Wildavsky (1982), Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers, Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Douglas, M. and D. Hull (eds.) (1992), How Classification Works: Nelson Goodman Among the Social Sciences, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP.
• Duhem, P. (1954), The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Durkheim, E. (1961 [1912]), The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, London: George Allen & Unwin.
• Durkheim, E., and M. Mauss (1963 [1908]), Primitive Classification, London: Cohen & West.
• Edge, D.O. and M. Mulkay (1976), Astronomy Transformed: The Emergence of Radio Astronomy in Britain, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
• Farley, J. and G.L. Geison (1974), 'Science, Politics and Spontaneous Generation in Nineteenth-Century France: The Pasteur-Pouchet Debate', Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48: 161-98.
• Feyerabend, P.K. (1970), Against Method, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Feyerabend, P.K. (1975), Against Method, London: New Left Books.
• Feyerabend, P.K. (1978), Science in a Free Society, London: New Left Books.
• Feyerabend, P.K. (1981), Problems of Empiricism, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Fleck, L. (1979), Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Forman, P. (1971), 'Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927: Adaption by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment', in Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, vol. 3, ed. by R. McCormmach, Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1-115.
• Foucault, M. (1973), The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, New York: Vintage Books.
• Foucault, M. (1976), 'The Discourse on Language', in The Archaeology of Knowledge, New York: Harper Colophon, 215-37.
• Foucault, M. (1979), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, New York: Vintage Books.
• Franklin, A. (1994), 'How to Avoid the Experimenters' Regress', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 25: 463-491.
• Fuller, S. (1988), Social Epistemology, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP.
• Fuller, S. (1989), Philosophy of Science and its Discontents, Boulder: Westview.
• Fuller, S. (1993), Philosophy, Rhetoric and the End of Knowledge: The Coming of Science and Technology Studies, Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press.
• Fuller, S. et al. (eds.) (1989), The Cognitive Turn: Sociological and Psychological Perspectives on Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Galison, P. (1989), How Experiments End, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Galison, P. and D.J. Stump (1996), The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power, Stanford: Stanford UP.
• Garfinkel, H. (1967), Studies in Ethnomethodology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Garfinkel, H., M. Lynch, E. Livingston (1981), 'The Work of a Discovering Science Construed with Materials from the Optically Discovered Pulsar', Philosophy of the Social Sciences – Philosophie des Sciences Sociales 11: 131-58.
• Giere, R.N. (1988), Explaining Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Giere, R.N. (1989), 'Computer Discovery and Human Interests', Social Studies of Science 19 (1989), 638-43.
• Gooding, D. (1990), Experiment and the Making of Meaning, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Gooding, D., T.J. Pinch, S. Schaffer (eds.) (1989), The Uses of Experiment: Studies in the Natural Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Gross, P.R. and N. Levitt (1994), Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels with Science, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP.
• Gross, P.R., N. Levitt, and M.W. Lewis (eds.) (1996), The Flight from Science and Reason (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 775), New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
• Hacking, I. (1983), Representing and Intervening, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Hacking, I. (1995), Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory, Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Hagstrom, W. (1965), The Scientific Community, New York: Basic Books.
• Haraway, D. (1991), Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books.
• Haraway, D.J. (1994), 'A Game of Cat's Cradle. Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies', Configurations 1: 59-71. [Criticism of Actor-Network Theory]
• Harding, S. (1986), The Science Question in Feminism, Ithaca: Cornell UP.
• Harding, S. (1991), Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP.
• Hardwig, J. (1985), 'Epistemic Dependence', The Journal of Philosophy 82: 335-49.
• Hardwig, J. (1991), 'The Role of Trust in Knowledge', The Journal of Philosophy 88: 693-708.
• Harwood, J. (1993), Styles of Scientific Thought: The German Genetics Community, 1900-1933, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Hesse, M. (1974), The Structure of Scientific Inference, London: Macmillan.
• Hesse, M. (1980), Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science, Brighton: Harvester.
• Hesse, M. (1988), 'Socializing Epistemology', in E. McMullin (ed.), Construction and Constraint, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, (1988).
• Hogle, L. (1995), 'Standardization across Non-Standard Domains: The Case of Organ Procurement', Science, Technology, and Human Values, 20: 482-501.
• Hollis, M. and S. Lukes (eds.) (1982), Rationality and Relativism, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• Hull, D. (1988), Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Jardine, N. (1991), The Scenes of Inquiry, Oxford: Clarendon.
• Jasanoff, S. et al. (eds.) (1995), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, London: Sage.
• Johnson, S. (=Latour, B.) (1988), 'Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door-Closer', Social Problems 35 (1988): 298-310.
• Keller, E.F. (1985), Reflections on Gender and Science, New Haven: Yale UP.
• Kitcher, P. (1993), The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusions, Oxford: Oxford UP.
• Knorr-Cetina, K. (1981), The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay on the Constructivist and Contextual Nature of Science, Oxford and New York: Pergamon.
• Knorr-Cetina, K. and A.V. Cicourel (eds.) (1981), Advances in Social Theory and Methodology, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Knorr-Cetina, K.D., M. Mulkay (eds.) (1983), Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science, London: Sage.
• Kuhn, T.S. (1957), The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the History of Western Thought, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard UP.
• Kuhn, T.S. (1961), 'The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science', Isis 52: 161-93.
• Kuhn, T.S. (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Kuhn, T.S. (1963), 'The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research', in A.C. Crombie (ed.), Scientific Change, New York: Basic Books, 347-69.
• Kuhn, T.S. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Kuhn, T.S. (1977), The Essential Tension, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Kusch, M. (1991), Foucault's Strata and Fields: An Investigation into Archeaological and Genealogical Science Studies, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Kusch, M. (1995), 'Recluse, Interlocutor, Interrogator: Natural and Social Order in Turn-of-the-Century Psychological Research Schools', Isis 86: 419-39.
• Kusch, M. (1995), Psychologism: A Case Study in the Sociology of Philosophical Knowledge, London: Routledge.
• Kusch, M. (1997), 'The Sociophilosophy of Folk Psychology', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 28: 1-25.
• Kusch, M. (1999), Psychological Knowledge: A Social History and Philosophy, Routledge: London.
• Kusch, M. (ed.) (2000), The Sociology of Philosophical Knowledge, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Lakatos, I. (1976), Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Lakatos, I. (1978), Mathematics, Science and Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Lakatos, I. (1978), The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Lakatos, I. and A. Musgrave (eds.) (1970), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Langley, P., H.A. Simon, G.L. Bradshaw, and J.M. Zytkow (1993 [1987]), 'Scientific Discovery', in A.I. Goldman (ed.), Readings in Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 185-207.
• Latour, B. (1987), Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP.
• Latour, B. (1988), 'A Relativistic Account of Einstein's Relativity', Social Studies of Science 18: 3-44.
• Latour, B. (1988), 'Mixing Humans and Nonhumans Together: The Sociology of a Door Closer', Social Problems 35: 298-310.
• Latour, B. (1988), The Pasteurization of France, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard UP.
• Latour, B. (1989), 'Clothing the Naked Truth', in H. Lawson and L. Appignanesi (eds.), Dismantling Truth, London: Weidenfels and Nicolson, 101-126.
• Latour, B. (1992), Aramis, ou, L'amour des techniques, Paris: La Dicouverte.
• Latour, B. (1993), We Have Never Been Modern, New York: Harvester.
• Latour, B. and S. Woolgar (1986), Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts, 2nd ed., Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Laudan, L. (1987), 'Relativism, Naturalism and Reticulation', Synthese 71: 221-34.
• Laudan, L. (1990), Science and Relativism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Law, J. (ed.) (1986), Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? (Sociological Review Monograph 32), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Law, J. (ed.) (1991), A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, London: Routledge.
• Lee, N. and S. Brown (1994), 'Otherness and the Actor-Network: The Undiscovered Continent', American Behavioral Scientist 37: 772-90.
• Livingston, E. (1986), The Ethnomethodological Foundations of Mathematics, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Longino, H. (1990), Science as Social Knowledge, Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Lynch, M. (1985), 'Discipline and the Material Form of Images – An Analysis of Scientific Visibility', Social Studies of Science 15: 37-66.
• Lynch, M. (1985), Art and Artifact in Laboratory Science: A Study of Shop Work and Shop Talk in a Research Laboratory, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Lynch, M. (1993), Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies of Science, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Lynch, M. and S. Woolgar (eds.) (1990), Representation in Scientific Practice, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• MacIntyre, A. (1980), 'Epistemological Crises, Dramatic Narrative, and the Philosophy of Science', in G. Gutting (ed.) Paradigms and Revolutions, pp. 54-74.
• MacKenzie, D.A. (1981), Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP.
• MacKenzie, D.A. (1988), 'Stellar-Inertial Guidance: A Study in the Sociology of Military Technology', in E. Mendelsohn, M.R. Smith & P. Weingart (eds.), Science, Technology and the Military, Dordrecht: Reidel, 187-241.
• MacKenzie, D.A. (1990), Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• MacKenzie, D.A. (1996), Knowing Machines: Essays on Technical Change, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
• MacKenzie, D.A. and G. Spinardi (1995), 'Tacit Knowledge, Weapons Design, and the Uninvention of Nuclear Weapons', American Journal of Sociology 101: 44-99.
• MacKenzie, D.A. and J. Wajcman (eds.) (1985), The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got Its Hum, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
• Mannheim, K. (1952), Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Martin, B. (1993), 'The Critique of Science Becomes Academic', Science, Technology and Human Values 18: 247-59.
• Martin, B., E. Richards, and P. Scott (1991), 'Whose a Captive? Whose a Victim? Response to Collins's Method Talk', Science, Technology and Human Values 16: 252-5.
• Megill, A. (ed.) (1994), Rethinking Objectivity, Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.
• Meiland, J. (1977), 'Concepts of Relative Truth', The Monist 60: 568-82.
• Merton, R.K. (1970), Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Century England, Oxford: Howard Fertig.
• Merton, R.K. (1973), The Sociology of Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Especially 'The Normative Structure of Science'.)
• Mulkay, M.J. (1976), 'Norms and Ideology in Science', Social Science Information 15: 637-56.
• Mulkay, M.J. (1978), 'Consensus in Science', Information sur les Sciences 17; 107-22.
• Mulkay, M.J. (1991), Sociology of Science: A Sociological Pilgrimage, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
• Mulkay, M. J. (1992), Science and the Sociology of Knowledge, Gregg Revivals.
• Newton-Smith, W. (1981), The Rationality of Science, London: Routledge.
• Nigel, G.G. and M. Mulkay (1984), Opening Pandora's Box: A Sociological Analysis of Scientists' Discourse, Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
• Niiniluoto, I. (1991), 'Realism, Relativism, and Constructivism', Synthese 89: 135-62.
• Nola, R. (1990), 'The Strong Programme for the Sociology of Science, Reflexivity and Relativism', Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 33, 1990: 273-96.
• Nola, R. (1992), 'Ordinary Human Inference as Refutation of the Strong Programme', Social Studies of Science 22: 107-29.
• Nola, R. (1994), 'There are More Things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, than are Dreamt of in Your Philosophy – A Dialogue on Realism and Constructivism', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25: 689-727.
• O'Connell, J. (1993), 'Metrology – The Creation of Universality by the Circulation of Particulars', Social Studies of Science 23: 129-73.
• Pfaffenberger, B. (1992), 'Technological Dramas', Science, Technology and Human Values 17: 282-312.
• Pickering, A. (1984), Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Pickering, A. (1995), The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Pickering, A. (ed.) (1992), Science as Practice and Culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Pinch, T. (1986), Confronting Nature, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
• Pinch, T. (1993), '"Testing – one, two, three ... testing!": Toward a Sociology of Testing', Science, Technology and Human Values 18: 25-41.
• Polanyi, M. (1958), Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Popper, K. (1959), The Logic of Scientific Discovery, New York: Basic Books.
• Popper, K. (1963), Conjectures and Refutations, New York: Basic Books.
• Popper, K. (1972), Objective Knowledge, Oxford: Oxford UP.
• Ravetz, J. (1971), Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems, Oxford: Oxford UP.
• Rouse, J. (1987), Knowledge and Power: Toward a Political Philosophy of Science, Ithaca and London: Cornell UP.
• Rouse, J. (1995), Engaging Science: Science Studies after Realism, Rationality, and Social Constructivism, Cornell: Cornell UP.
• Rudwick, M. (1985), The Great Devonian Controversy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Schaffer, S. (1986), 'Scientific Discoveries and the End of Natural-Philosophy', Social Studies of Science 16: 387-420.
• Schaffer, S. (1988), 'Astronomers Mark Time: Discipline and the Personal Equation', Science in Context 2: 115-45.
• Schaffer, S. (1991), Review of B. Latour, The Pasteurization of France, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 22: 175-92.
• Schaffer, S. (1992), 'Victorian Metrology and Its Instrumentation: A Manufacture of Ohms', in R. Bud and S. Cozzens (eds.), Invisible Connections: Instruments, Institutions and Science, Bellingham: SPIE Press, 23-56.
• Schaffer, S. (1994), 'Babbage Intelligence, Calculating Engines and the Factory System', Critical Inquiry 21: 203-27.
• Schaffer, S. (1994), 'Empires of Physics', in R. Staley (ed.), The Physics of Empire, Cambridge, Whipple Science Museum, 87-109.
• Schaffer, S. (1994), From Physics to Anthropology and Back Again, Cambridge: Prickly Pear Press.
• Schaffer, S. (1995), 'Accurate Measurement is an English Science', in M. Norton Wise (ed.), Values of Precision, Princeton: Princeton UP, 137-72.
• Schaffer, S. (1996), 'Where Experiments End: Tabletop Trials in Victorian Astronomy', in J.Z. Buchwald (ed.), Scientific Practice: Theories and Stories of Doing Physics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 257-99.
• Schaffer, S. (1997), 'Metrology, Metrication and Victorian Values', in B. Lightman (ed.), Contexts of Victorian Science, Chicago and London: Chicago UP.
• Schütz, A. (1964), Studies in Social Theory: Collected Papers 2, The Hague: Nijhoff.
• Scott, P., E. Richards, and B. Martin (1990), 'Captives of Controversy: The Myth of the Neutral Social Researcher in Contemporary Scientific Controversies', Science, Technology and Human Values 15: 474-94.
• Searle, J. (1995), The Construction of Social Reality, London: Allen Lane.
• Serres, M. and B. Latour (1995), Conversations on Science, Culture, and Time, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
• Shapin, S. (1979), 'Homo Phrenologicus: Anthropological Perspectives on an Historical Problem', in B. Barnes and S. Shapin (eds.), Natural Order: Historical Studies in Scientific Culture, Sage, Beverly Hills, 1979, 41-71.
• Shapin, S. (1979), 'The Politics of Observation: Cerebral Anatomy and Social Interests in the Edinburgh Phrenology Disputes', in R. Wallis (ed.), On the Margins of Science (Sociological Review Monograph No. 27), 139-78.
• Shapin, S. (1982), 'History of Science and Its Sociological Reconstructions', History of Science 20, 157-211.
• Shapin, S. (1988), 'Following Scientists Around', Social Studies of Science 18: 533-50.
• Shapin, S. (1988), 'The House of Experiment in Seventeenth-Century England', Isis 79: 373-404.
• Shapin, S. (1990), '"The Mind Is Its Own Place": Science and Solitude in Seventeenth-Century England', Science in Context 4: 191-218.
• Shapin, S. (1992), 'Discipline and Bounding: The History and Sociology of Science as Seen through the Externalism-Internalism Debate', History of Science 30: 333-69.
• Shapin, S. (1994), A Social History of Truth: Gentility, Credibility, and Scientific Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century England, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
• Shapin, S. (1995), 'Cordelia's Love: Credibility and the Social Studies of Science', Perspectives on Science 3: 255-275.
• Shapin, S. (1995), 'Here and Everywhere – Sociology of Scientific Knowledge', Annual Review of Sociology 21: 289-321.
• Shapin, S. (1995), 'Trust, Honesty, and the Authority of Science', in R. Bulger et al. (eds.), Society's Choices: Social and Ethical Decision Making in Biomedicine, Washington: National Academy Press, 388-408.
• Shapin, S. (1996), The Scientific Revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Shapin, S. and S. Schaffer (1985), Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life, Princeton: Princeton UP.
• Siegel, H. (1987), Relativism Refuted: A Critique of Contemporary Epistemological Relativism, Dordrecht: Reidel.
• Slezak, P. (1989), 'Scientific Discovery by Computer as Empirical Refutation of the Strong Programme', Social Studies of Science 19: 563-600.
• Slezak, P. (1992), Review of Collins, Artificial Experts, Social Studies of Science 22: 175-201.
• Slezak, P. (1994), 'A Second Look at David Bloor's Knowledge and Social Imagery', Philosophy of the Social Sciences 24: 336-61.
• Stich, S. (1996), Deconstructing the Mind, Oxford: Oxford UP.
• Thagard, P. (1993), 'Societies Of Minds – Science as Distributed Computing', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 24: 49-67.
• Thagard, P.R. (1993), 'Explanatory Coherence', in A.I. Goldman, Readings in Philosophy and Cognitive Science, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 153-183.
• Traweek, S. (1988), Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press.
• Turner, S.P. (1994), The Social Theory of Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge and Presuppositions, Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Warwick, A. (1992), 'Cambridge Mathematics and Cavendish Physics – Cunningham, Campbell and Einstein's Relativity, 1905-1911, 1. The Uses of Theory', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 23: 625-56.
• Warwick, A. (1993), 'Cambridge Mathematics and Cavendish Physics – Cunningham, Campbell and Einstein's Relativity, 1905-1911, 2. Comparing Traditions in Cambridge Physics', Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 24: 1-25.
• Weinberg, S. (1992), Dreams of a Final Theory: The Search for the Fundamental Laws of Nature, New York: Pantheon.
• Wilson, B. (1970). Rationality, Oxford: Blackwell.
• Winch, P. G. (1958), The Idea of a Social Science, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Winner, L. (1993), 'Upon Opening the Black Box and Finding It Empty: Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Technology', Science, Technology and Human Values 18: 362-78.
• Wittgenstein, L. (1953), Philosophical Investigations, (Oxford: Blackwell).
• Wittgenstein, L. (1978), Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, Oxford: Blackwell.
• Wolpert, L. (1992), The Unnatural Nature of Science: Why Science Does Not Make (Common) Sense, London: Faber & Faber.
• Woods, J. (1989), 'The Maladroitness of Epistemic Tit for Tat', Journal of Philosophy 86: 324-31.
• Woolgar, S. (1988), Science: The Very Idea, London: Tavistock.
• Woolgar, S. (ed.) (1988), Knowledge and Reflexivity: New Frontiers in the Sociology of Knowledge, Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
• Yearley, S. (1984), Science and Sociological Practice, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
• Yearley, S. (1991), The Green Case: A Sociology of Environmental Issues, Arguments and Politics, Glasgow: Harper Collins Academic.