• Home
• Astronomy
  • Introduction
  • A Medieval Astrolabe
  • Astronomical Compendia
  • Two Telescopes
  • The 'Grand' Orrery
  • A Projecting Planetarium
  • Armillary Spheres
  • The King's Astronomer
  • Ship-Shaped Sundial
  • Short's Telescope
  • The 'Incomparable' Mr. Sutton
  • Art and Astronomy
    • Graphic Telescope
  • Maps of the Heavens
• Microscopes
• Models
• Acoustics
• Globes
• Interactives
• About this Site

The graphic telescope and Varley's artwork

The graphic telescope is an optical aid for artists. It was patented in 1811, and is a device which enables artists to view magnified images and trace them onto paper.

Image 1 Engraved inscription on the body of the graphic telescope. Image © the Whipple Museum [copyright] (Wh.0069).

Image 2 Illustration of the graphic telescope and its optical principles. From the Magazine of Science, And School of Arts, 1840. The magazine contained a long description of the instrument. Image © the Whipple Museum [copyright] (Wh.0069).

The Whipple Museum has a graphic telescope (Images 1 & 2) made by its inventor, Cornelius Varley, XR  around 1840. The optical principles involved are related to those used in other artistic aids such as the camera obscura and the camera lucida.

An advertisement for the instrument begins with the following claim:

By this instrument, any person, who can make a good outline, may draw, correctly, all kinds of objects, the most distant, as well as near, magnified to any scale.

And continues:

Buildings, Carts, Wagons, Agricultural Implements, &c. Boats and Shipping when ashore, with all the minutiae or rigging and curves of the vessel, may be traced in true proportion and perspective, let them be ever so complicated; more particularly, views of Towns, things which few persons would have the patience to attempt, without such an instrument. (1)

» More on Cornelius Varley

Using the graphic telescope

Looking into the eyepiece of the graphic telescope, the user sees a clear image on a speculum mirror and a less clear image superimposed over the paper below. Tracing this image, the artist could then accurately draw their subject matter.

Institutions that have Varley artwork:

• The British Museum [http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/]
• Courtauld Institute [http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/]
• Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco [http://www.thinker.org/index.asp]
• The Fitzwilliam Museum [http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/]
• National Portrait Gallery [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/index.asp]
• Tate Britain [http://www.tate.org.uk/]
• Victoria & Albert Museum [http://www.vam.ac.uk/]
• Yale Center for British Art [http://ycba.yale.edu/index.asp]