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Free care and research excellence. This photograph from a Free Hospital for Women clinical ward in about 1940 comes from a scrapbook acquired by the Harvard medical library in 1984. This unusual collection from the late nineteenth century to the 1950s brought together diverse documents, often on a single page: invitations to glamorous fund-raising events, newspaper articles on research breakthroughs, and photographs of a comfortable environment occupied by a harmonious community of patients, nurses and doctors. This photo was probably produced for a fund-raising campaign. It shows well-groomed, relaxed patients—one is even reading a book, unbothered by the camera—tended by caring nurses in a clean, simple setting.
Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University.
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John Rock’s patients. To ‘harvest’ elusive embryos, Rock recruited married women under 45 with at least two children who were scheduled for hysterectomy. They were asked to keep diaries of their periods, body temperature and sexual intercourse. Rock’s assistant Miriam Menkin admitted that she hinted to the patients that it would be helpful if they had sex before the operation, which was scheduled to follow ovulation closely. Data from the women’s diaries were combined with the morphology of the embryo and changes in the uterine lining specific to each day of the menstrual cycle to date specimens unusually precisely. At the time, no one involved regarded the procedure as an artificial abortion; once it was seen in this way, the work became impossible to repeat.
The Boston egg hunt
In the late 1930s the Carnegie Department set out to recover embryos younger than 14 days from gynæcological operations.
Before a woman missed her period and the new hormonal pregnancy tests could turn positive, embryos remained undetectable. So in 1938, John Rock, a Boston gynæcologist, human fertility researcher and practising Catholic, teamed up with a pathologist with Carnegie research experience on fertilization in monkeys, Arthur T. Hertig, and technician Miriam Menkin. She became Rock’s long-term collaborator as they looked for the earliest products of conception in surgically removed Fallopian tubes and uteri.
Yet spotting such an early human embryo was very hard, especially since no one had seen one before. Hertig reported that ‘we looked at an enormous amount of eggs that weren’t eggs, just cellular debris, because … the art of actually recognizing a human egg hadn’t been mastered’. In late 1938, he described the first complete fertilized egg he saw under his microscope as a ‘glistening bead, like a pearl of tapioca’. The 12-day ‘Harvard egg’ was examined, measured and then transported to Baltimore. The 34 fertilized eggs from 211 unknowingly pregnant women, collected by Hertig and Rock over the course of 14 years, came to represent the first 17 days of life.
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The Free Hospital for Women. Between 1926 and 1955 this prestigious institution housed John Rock’s Fertility and Endocrine Clinic and was the source of many early embryos in the Carnegie collection. The hospital had been founded in 1875 to provide care for largely Roman Catholic patients from lower socio-economic groups. The building was erected in 1894–5 from yellow brick and in the style of a French estate house, on a riverside glen in Brookline, a town bordering Boston. The hospital was a research facility for Harvard Medical School, so all women, clinic as well as private patients accommodated in the Parkway wing, were research subjects as well as patients.
Photograph, c.1950, credited to Robert J. Keller, Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University.
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The Free Hospital for Women, associated with the Harvard Medical School, c.1950
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The Harvard egg. This egg came from a 34-year-old white woman who in 14 years of marriage gave birth to nine live children and one six-months fetus. She had long suffered pelvic discomfort and general malaise that worsened after her last delivery in March 1938. Her abdomen was found to be free from masses and pain, but her cervix, lacerated and frequently bleeding especially after intercourse, showed evidence of chronic inflammation and malignant changes of the cervix. On 28 November 1938, her uterus and right ovary and tube were removed. (a) The photograph shows the implantation site in the uterine mucous lining, while (b) the drawing based on a photomicrograph shows parts of the embryo.
(a) Photograph by Chester Reather (figure 5 on plate 1) and (b) drawing by James Didusch (plate 8) from Arthur T. Hertig and John Rock, ‘Two human ova of the previllous stage, having an ovulation age of about eleven and twelve days respectively,’ Contributions to Embryology 29, 1941, 127–56. 28.5 x 22.5 cm.
Carnegie Institution of Washington.
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Drawing of the Harvard egg, 1941
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